Questões de Vestibular de Inglês
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Q2082119
Inglês
Texto associado
TEXT I
What Is Organic Anyway?
When you think of organic food, what words come to mind? Natural, local, ethical? In fact, the
classification of organic food is a tricky business.
Until the 19th century, nobody would have considered farming as anything other than organic.
Crops were fertilized using animal manure and compost. In the 18th and 19th centuries, however, chemists
were discovering more about chemicals. The work of German chemist Justus von Liebig, in particular, led
to the development of cheap nitrogen fertilizers. The agricultural revolution that followed, especially in
Great Britain, brought about a huge increase in crop production. This helped feed the country’s rapidly
growing urban population and reduce famine. However, not everybody was convinced of the benefits of
the new technologies.
Sir Albert Howard’s experiences in India convinced him that correct animal and crop management
in a local area produced strong pest-resistant plants that were superior to those grown with chemical
fertilizers. He saw chemical fertilizers as expensive, unnecessary, and unsustainable and studied ways to
farm productively but naturally.
Howard himself never used the word organic. It was British agriculturalist Lord Northbourne
who first referred to a farm as a single “organic whole,” describing a more balanced, sustainable style of
farming. Northbourne’s ideas, however, were not widely accepted. The following years saw an increase in
the use of fertilizers and pesticides, which allowed farmers to plant large quantities of single crops. Most
farms became industrialized single-crop producers that depended on pesticides and fertilizers. Then in
the 1970s, some people began to express their concerns about the negative effects of these methods on
soil quality and the environment. These green activists began to call for a return to more traditional styles
of farming.
At the same time, in other parts of the world modern methods were replacing traditional farming.
In Mexico, Pakistan, and India, Nobel Prize-winning agriculturalist Norman Borlaug pioneered the use of
new crops and technologies and greatly increased food production. Environmentalists criticized Borlaug’s
work, which they claimed led to reliance on a single crop, inequality, malnutrition, and the loss of natural
wildlife. While Borlaug recognized some of these claims, he argued that his principle aim was an end to
hunger, something, he pointed out, that most of his critics had never experienced.
Meanwhile in the USA and the UK, many smaller farms were trying to return to natural methods,
growing many different crops and keeping animals to fertilize the soil. Throughout the 1970s, activists
continued to promote a return to more traditional ways of living, and some people were encouraged to
try to provide their own food, both out in the countryside and using smaller urban gardens.
However, as the idea of organic food became more popular, big business began to move in. The
1980s and 1990s saw the growth of large organic farms and supermarkets, and the importation of organic
produce from abroad. At the same time, new legislation in places such as the USA and Europe has made it
extremely expensive and complicated for small producers to obtain organic certification. Ironically, many
natural local farms are not classed as organic, while much of the organic food supermarkets sell often
comes from foreign countries. This has led to criticism from environmentalists who feel that the term
organic no longer represents the ideals of organic farming.
As we move into the 21st century with a world population of seven billion people, the debate on
how we should feed ourselves shows no sign of coming to an end.
SHACKLETON, Caroline & TURNER, Nathan Paul. Money Tree: the business of organics. Cambridge University Press, 2014.
The most important argument Mr. Borlaug had to fight his critics was the fact that they had never
Q2082118
Inglês
Texto associado
TEXT I
What Is Organic Anyway?
When you think of organic food, what words come to mind? Natural, local, ethical? In fact, the
classification of organic food is a tricky business.
Until the 19th century, nobody would have considered farming as anything other than organic.
Crops were fertilized using animal manure and compost. In the 18th and 19th centuries, however, chemists
were discovering more about chemicals. The work of German chemist Justus von Liebig, in particular, led
to the development of cheap nitrogen fertilizers. The agricultural revolution that followed, especially in
Great Britain, brought about a huge increase in crop production. This helped feed the country’s rapidly
growing urban population and reduce famine. However, not everybody was convinced of the benefits of
the new technologies.
Sir Albert Howard’s experiences in India convinced him that correct animal and crop management
in a local area produced strong pest-resistant plants that were superior to those grown with chemical
fertilizers. He saw chemical fertilizers as expensive, unnecessary, and unsustainable and studied ways to
farm productively but naturally.
Howard himself never used the word organic. It was British agriculturalist Lord Northbourne
who first referred to a farm as a single “organic whole,” describing a more balanced, sustainable style of
farming. Northbourne’s ideas, however, were not widely accepted. The following years saw an increase in
the use of fertilizers and pesticides, which allowed farmers to plant large quantities of single crops. Most
farms became industrialized single-crop producers that depended on pesticides and fertilizers. Then in
the 1970s, some people began to express their concerns about the negative effects of these methods on
soil quality and the environment. These green activists began to call for a return to more traditional styles
of farming.
At the same time, in other parts of the world modern methods were replacing traditional farming.
In Mexico, Pakistan, and India, Nobel Prize-winning agriculturalist Norman Borlaug pioneered the use of
new crops and technologies and greatly increased food production. Environmentalists criticized Borlaug’s
work, which they claimed led to reliance on a single crop, inequality, malnutrition, and the loss of natural
wildlife. While Borlaug recognized some of these claims, he argued that his principle aim was an end to
hunger, something, he pointed out, that most of his critics had never experienced.
Meanwhile in the USA and the UK, many smaller farms were trying to return to natural methods,
growing many different crops and keeping animals to fertilize the soil. Throughout the 1970s, activists
continued to promote a return to more traditional ways of living, and some people were encouraged to
try to provide their own food, both out in the countryside and using smaller urban gardens.
However, as the idea of organic food became more popular, big business began to move in. The
1980s and 1990s saw the growth of large organic farms and supermarkets, and the importation of organic
produce from abroad. At the same time, new legislation in places such as the USA and Europe has made it
extremely expensive and complicated for small producers to obtain organic certification. Ironically, many
natural local farms are not classed as organic, while much of the organic food supermarkets sell often
comes from foreign countries. This has led to criticism from environmentalists who feel that the term
organic no longer represents the ideals of organic farming.
As we move into the 21st century with a world population of seven billion people, the debate on
how we should feed ourselves shows no sign of coming to an end.
SHACKLETON, Caroline & TURNER, Nathan Paul. Money Tree: the business of organics. Cambridge University Press, 2014.
Many animal and crop management procedures took place across the centuries. The option which highlights
the one taken as an organic procedure is
Q2081782
Inglês
Texto associado
Read the text II to answer the question.
TEXT II
Common Dog Training Mistakes You Might Be Making
Priya Faith
You've welcomed a new furry friend into the family, and you can't wait to start training them.
Whether it's to do all kinds of tricks or you want to ensure you have a well-behaved canine, it's
not always straight forward. When it comes to training your four-legged friend, a lot of mistakes
can occur…
Fear not, we're on hand with some of the most common mistakes so you can avoid them.
1. You're Focusing on The Negatives
If you're focusing on the negatives during training, it's not nearly as effective than using positive
reinforcement. Rather than reprimanding poor behavior, concentrate on recognizing the good.
While it will take a bit of practice, but it will pay off.
2. Training Sessions Last Too Long
Once you've seen some positive results, you should call time on your session. Just like us, your
dog will get bored if you drag out training sessions too long. Instead, train in manageable stages,
so it's more fun and useful for everyone.
3. You Stay in The Same Place to Train Your Dog
While you'll probably do the majority of your training at home, you should avoid limiting practice
to just one place. If you teach your dog to behave inside four walls, it's likely that as soon as they
get out into the big wide world, they'll have a much harder time paying attention
4. You're Using Your Clicker Too Much
Clicker training is pretty popular, and it can be a handy training tool when used correctly.
However, you must understand how to use your clicker before you start clicking away. If you're
not using it correctly, things can get pretty confusing pretty quickly.
5. You Rely on Treats Too Much
Granted, treats are a great way to keep your pup motivated and engaged. However, you should
vary your rewards. Rather than just limiting rewards to treats, use toys, praise and play to mix
things up.
6. You Repeat Commands Too Often
So, you're teaching your dog to sit, but it's not working. Instead of repeating the command over
and over until your canine sits out of boredom, you should try something else. Your dog needs
to be clear that the behavior should come directly after the command and stalling can undo this
hard work.
7. You're Not Considering Your Dogs Personality
Even if you've trained a dog or dogs before successfully, it doesn't mean the same approach will
work for your new pup. Every dog has a distinct character and behavioral profile, so to find out
what will work, you need to be mindful of this. One size fits all is certainly not the case when it
comes to dog training.
8. You Lack Confidence
Lack of confidence is a straight-up weakness. As natural predators, dogs can sense any weakness
instinctively. So, with every command, you need to be confident.
https://en.wackojaco.com/8-common-dog-training-mistakes-you-might-be.Text slightly modified.
In every subpart (numbered 1 to 8) of the main text, one finds linking-words. Among them, HOWEVER and
SO. The option which synthesizes correctly the function of these expressions, respectively, is
Q2081781
Inglês
Texto associado
Read the text II to answer the question.
TEXT II
Common Dog Training Mistakes You Might Be Making
Priya Faith
You've welcomed a new furry friend into the family, and you can't wait to start training them.
Whether it's to do all kinds of tricks or you want to ensure you have a well-behaved canine, it's
not always straight forward. When it comes to training your four-legged friend, a lot of mistakes
can occur…
Fear not, we're on hand with some of the most common mistakes so you can avoid them.
1. You're Focusing on The Negatives
If you're focusing on the negatives during training, it's not nearly as effective than using positive
reinforcement. Rather than reprimanding poor behavior, concentrate on recognizing the good.
While it will take a bit of practice, but it will pay off.
2. Training Sessions Last Too Long
Once you've seen some positive results, you should call time on your session. Just like us, your
dog will get bored if you drag out training sessions too long. Instead, train in manageable stages,
so it's more fun and useful for everyone.
3. You Stay in The Same Place to Train Your Dog
While you'll probably do the majority of your training at home, you should avoid limiting practice
to just one place. If you teach your dog to behave inside four walls, it's likely that as soon as they
get out into the big wide world, they'll have a much harder time paying attention
4. You're Using Your Clicker Too Much
Clicker training is pretty popular, and it can be a handy training tool when used correctly.
However, you must understand how to use your clicker before you start clicking away. If you're
not using it correctly, things can get pretty confusing pretty quickly.
5. You Rely on Treats Too Much
Granted, treats are a great way to keep your pup motivated and engaged. However, you should
vary your rewards. Rather than just limiting rewards to treats, use toys, praise and play to mix
things up.
6. You Repeat Commands Too Often
So, you're teaching your dog to sit, but it's not working. Instead of repeating the command over
and over until your canine sits out of boredom, you should try something else. Your dog needs
to be clear that the behavior should come directly after the command and stalling can undo this
hard work.
7. You're Not Considering Your Dogs Personality
Even if you've trained a dog or dogs before successfully, it doesn't mean the same approach will
work for your new pup. Every dog has a distinct character and behavioral profile, so to find out
what will work, you need to be mindful of this. One size fits all is certainly not the case when it
comes to dog training.
8. You Lack Confidence
Lack of confidence is a straight-up weakness. As natural predators, dogs can sense any weakness
instinctively. So, with every command, you need to be confident.
https://en.wackojaco.com/8-common-dog-training-mistakes-you-might-be.Text slightly modified.
Based on the common mistakes observed in Priya Faith’s text, the option which points out correctly that one
matching the specific part with the main idea is
Q2081780
Inglês
Texto associado
Read the text I to answer the question.
TEXT I
Pets and humans: the history of their relationship
Nowadays, pets are part of our everyday lives and inseparable fellow travellers. At the
7th International Congress on Animal-Human Relations, "Animals, Health and Quality of Life",
Professor James A. Serpell spoke on the origins and evolution of this relationship.
In his presentation, James A. Serpell, professor at the University of Pennsylvania, emphasized
the fact that although nowadays the presence of pets in our homes is overwhelming and their
integration into our family lives increases day by day, this is something that would have been
completely inconceivable in the recent past. Professor Serpell gave as an example the current
cohabitation situation that is taking place in the United States, where in 2005, 63% of households
had at least one pet, and 45% had more than one. However, as noted, the relationship between
humans and animals has not always been so positive as it is nowadays; in fact, it has gone
through very dark periods, as the one that took place in England about five hundred years ago.
The history of the relationship between men and pets started at the dawn of our civilization,
when both discovered how beneficial their friendship could be. However, their history – as any
other story – is not free from conflicts and lack of understanding. Probably the darkest period of
their relationship took place in England, in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. According
to Professor Serpell, during that period in that country, –which is nowadays very popular for
their love of animals, – the owners of pets could run the risk of being accused of witchcraft and
be executed.
As stated by the British historian Keith Thomas, witchcraft trials held in England maintained
that witches were assisted by demons and ghosts in the form of animals. For that reason, the
possession of cats, dogs, mice or birds, which were the typical pets of that period, was considered
in many cases as irrefutable evidence to condemn a large number of people to the stake. In fact,
in 1604, King James I of England approved a law that officially made it a crime «to consult, deal,
invite, use, feed or reward ghosts under animal form in any way».
The worst thing about this law was that possessing pets was especially dangerous if the
owner was poor, old or not well-esteemed by the community.… In these cases, the risk of being
executed after being accused of witchcraft was quite high. This was life in England four hundred
years ago; however, this situation was not exclusive to this nation. Art provides evidence of the
way in which animals used to be related to witchcraft in other countries. In the fifteenth century,
the Witches' Sabbath painted by the German artist Hans Baldung Grien showed a cat behind a
witch. In Goya's art, the series of paintings devoted to witchcraft shows the devil in the form of
a billy-goat escorted by two cats.… These are just two examples of how dark that period was
for pets. Unfortunately, today, in the twenty-first century, there are still some countries that take
very reprehensible decisions with regard to pets, such as China, for instance.
Pets and humans, the history of their relationship. | Affinity Petcare (affinity-petcare.com). Text slightly modified.
During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, in England, humans and animals had probably the hardest
relationship one could conceive and those who insisted on that would be taken to trials. What penalty were
people supposed to be taken for owning animals?
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